Acute stroke care has been redefined by tenecteplase displacing alteplase as the preferred thrombolytic, late-window thrombectomy out to 24 hours guided by perfusion imaging (DAWN, DEFUSE-3), and increasingly the treatment of medium and distal vessel occlusions.
The approval of lecanemab and donanemab has transformed Alzheimer’s disease into a treatable condition for patients with early symptomatic disease and confirmed amyloid pathology.
The MS pipeline is converging on the central goal of halting smoldering, compartmentalized CNS inflammation that drives progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA).
Movement disorders are entering a precision-medicine era, with genetically stratified trials in GBA1 (LTI-291/venglustat lessons, BIA 28-6156) and LRRK2 (BIIB122/DNL151) carriers redefining trial design.
Drug-resistant epilepsy continues to affect roughly a third of patients despite an expanding pharmacopeia, prompting earlier escalation to surgical and neuromodulation approaches.
Neuromuscular medicine has been reshaped by genetically targeted therapies: nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec and risdiplam in SMA, exon-skipping ASOs and Elevidys gene therapy in Duchenne, and tofersen for SOD1-ALS following the VALOR trial and accelerated approval.
Migraine treatment has been revolutionized by the CGRP pathway, with four anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, eptinezumab) for prevention and the gepant class (ubrogepant, rimegepant, atogepant, zavegepant nasal spray) bridging acute and preventive use.
Neuro-oncology has been reshaped by the FDA approval of vorasidenib for IDH-mutant grade 2 gliomas (INDIGO trial), shifting practice toward earlier molecular-targeted intervention and away from immediate chemoradiation.
Artificial intelligence and brain-computer interfaces are moving from prototype to clinic.
Spinal cord injury management has been transformed by neuromodulation, with Onward ARC-EX gaining FDA approval and multiple platforms in trials.
TBI care spans acute resuscitation to chronic disability and lifelong sequelae.
Sleep medicine intersects neurology, pulmonology and psychiatry with major therapeutic advances.
Neuropathic pain affects diverse populations with significant unmet need despite multiple available therapies.
Hereditary and acquired ataxias have a rapidly growing therapeutic pipeline with multiple disease-specific approvals.
FND has emerged from rule-of-exclusion to positive diagnosis with growing evidence-based treatment.
Paediatric neurology spans infantile spasms to adolescent neurology with major recent therapeutic advances.
Neuroimmunological diseases have undergone therapeutic revolution with multiple new mechanisms approved.
BCIs have moved from research to clinical-trial year 2 with multiple platforms in human trials.
Migraine prevention and acute treatment have been transformed by CGRP-targeted therapies with multiple agents now established.
Cluster headache treatment options have expanded with CGRP-targeted and device-based therapies.
Lewy body disease care addresses both motor and cognitive symptoms with major diagnostic advances.
FTD management is advancing with progranulin-replacement therapy and emerging tau-targeted approaches.
Huntington disease research has pivoted after tominersen with multiple new programmes in clinical development.
ALS treatment has been transformed by ASO and gene therapies, marking the first wave of disease-modifying interventions.
Tremor and dystonia management spans medication, botulinum toxin and neurosurgery with major recent advances.
RLS management addresses augmentation and treatment refractoriness with growing evidence for non-dopaminergic approaches.
CNS infections require rapid diagnosis and treatment with growing capacity for molecular diagnostics.
Brain tumor care advances with IDH-targeted therapies and the maturing immunotherapy landscape.
Vestibular disorders are common and disabling with effective interventions for most conditions.
Autonomic neuropathies impact multiple systems and quality of life with diverse aetiologies.
Functional neuroimaging spans research and clinical applications with growing clinical translation.
Neuro-ophthalmology bridges neurology and ophthalmology with multiple sight-threatening emergencies.
Neuropsychological assessment guides diagnosis and care planning across multiple neurological conditions.
Functional neurosurgery for movement disorders has matured with multiple approved and emerging technologies.
Genetic counselling is increasingly important in neurology with growing test availability.